Subsurface Fish Handling to Limit Decompression Effects on Deepwater Species

A method of handling hooked fish at intermediate depth was developed for species which occur deeper than conventional scuba depths. Juvenile pink snappers, Pristipomoides filamentosus, were hauled from 65-100 m to a depth of only 30 m, where the ambient pressure change was a fraction of that produced by hauling fish to the sea surface. This method afforded a unique opportunity to acoustically tag deepwater, physoclistous fish without the need to alter the fish's original swim bladder volume and without the high risk of further injury associated with surface handling. Tagged P. filamentosus survived and behaved well and were tracked successfully. This basic method could be applied to a variety of deepwater species in a number of research approaches, including tagging and dietary studies

Conducting monetary policy with inflation targets

Since the early 1990s, a number of central banks have adopted numerical inflation targets as a guide for monetary policy. The targets are intended to help central banks achieve and maintain price stability by specifying an explicit goal for monetary policy based on a given time path for a particular measure of inflation. In some cases the targets are expressed as a range for inflation over time, while in other cases they are expressed as a path for the inflation rate itself. The measure of inflation that is targeted varies but is typically a broad measure of prices, such as a consumer or retail price index.> At a conceptual level, adopting inflation targets may necessitate fundamental changes in the way monetary policy responds to economic conditions. For example, inflation targeting requires a highly forward-looking monetary policy. Given lags in the effects of monetary policy on inflation, central banks seeking to achieve a target for inflation need to forecast inflation and adjust policy in response to projected deviations of inflation from target. But central banks without an explicit inflation target may also be forward looking and equally focused on a long-run goal of price stability. Thus, at a practical level, adopting inflation targets may only formalize a strategy for policy that was already more or less in place. If so, targets might improve the transparency, accountability, and credibility of monetary policy but have little or no impact on the way policy instruments are adjusted to incoming information about the economy. Kahn and Parrish examine how central banks have changed their policy procedures after adopting explicit inflation targets. They conclude that, while inflation targets have perhaps improved the transparency, accountability, and credibility of monetary policy, it is difficult to discern any significant and systematic changes in the way policymakers adjust policy instruments to incoming information after adopting inflation targets.Monetary policy ; Inflation (Finance)

An investigation of potential applications of OP-SAPS: Operational Sampled Analog Processors

The application of OP-SAP's (operational sampled analog processors) in pattern recognition system is summarized. Areas investigated include: (1) human face recognition; (2) a high-speed programmable transversal filter system; (3) discrete word (speech) recognition; and (4) a resolution enhancement system

Empirical Analysis of Aerial Camera Filters for Shoreline Mapping

Accurate, up-to-date national shoreline is critical in defining the territorial limits of the Unites States, updating nautical charts, and managing coastal resources. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) delineates the interpreted shoreline photogrammetrically using tide-coordinated stereo photography acquired with black-and-white infrared emulsion. In this paper, we present the results of a two-phased study aimed at quantifying the effect of camera filter selection on the interpreted shoreline when utilizing this method of shoreline mapping

Curriculum change in modern foreign languages education in England: barriers and possibilities

This paper considers the languages on offer in secondary schools in England and the possibility of enacting curriculum change with a view to reducing the dominance of French, Spanish and, to a lesser extent, German as a possible way to increase take-up of modern foreign languages post-14. Questionnaires were completed by 666 students aged 14-15, 70 head teachers and 119 heads of modern languages in secondary schools throughout England, investigating students’ views as to the languages they would like to learn and their views of particular languages as well as the views of senior and middle leaders on the factors which impact on the teaching of modern languages. The paper concludes that students are interested in a wider range of languages than is currently available, for reasons primarily relating to usefulness. It also finds that schools are constrained by operational concerns preventing them fully considering the possibility of teaching a wider range of languages. Implications for national-level language policy and the culture of school accountability are discussed

Real time flight simulation methodology

An example sensitivity study is presented to demonstrate how a digital autopilot designer could make a decision on minimum sampling rate for computer specification. It consists of comparing the simulated step response of an existing analog autopilot and its associated aircraft dynamics to the digital version operating at various sampling frequencies and specifying a sampling frequency that results in an acceptable change in relative stability. In general, the zero order hold introduces phase lag which will increase overshoot and settling time. It should be noted that this solution is for substituting a digital autopilot for a continuous autopilot. A complete redesign could result in results which more closely resemble the continuous results or which conform better to original design goals

Simulations of MHD Instabilities in Intracluster Medium Including Anisotropic Thermal Conduction

We perform a suite of simulations of cooling cores in clusters of galaxies in order to investigate the effect of the recently discovered heat flux buoyancy instability (HBI) on the evolution of cores. Our models follow the 3-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of cooling cluster cores and capture the effects of anisotropic heat conduction along the lines of magnetic field, but do not account for the cosmological setting of clusters or the presence of AGN. Our model clusters can be divided into three groups according to their final thermodynamical state: catastrophically collapsing cores, isothermal cores, and an intermediate group whose final state is determined by the initial configuration of magnetic field. Modeled cores that are reminiscent of real cluster cores show evolution towards thermal collapse on a time scale which is prolonged by a factor of ~2-10 compared with the zero-conduction cases. The principal effect of the HBI is to re-orient field lines to be perpendicular to the temperature gradient. Once the field has been wrapped up onto spherical surfaces surrounding the core, the core is insulated from further conductive heating (with the effective thermal conduction suppressed to less than 1/100th of the Spitzer value) and proceeds to collapse. We speculate that, in real clusters, the central AGN and possibly mergers play the role of "stirrers," periodically disrupting the azimuthal field structure and allowing thermal conduction to sporadically heat the core.Comment: 16 pages, 3 tables, 17 figures, accepted to ApJ with minor revisions, to appear in Volume 704, Oct 20, 2009 issu

Connected Spirits: Adolescent Females and Animal Agents

The novels The Member of the Wedding by Carson McCullers and The Welsh Girl by Peter Ho Davies create a unique opportunity to investigate human and animal relationships given the similarity of their time frames and main characters. Both novels feature adolescent females struggling to resolve their identities against the backdrop of WWII. Frankie Addams in The Member of the Wedding and Esther Evans in The Welsh Girl share the additional characteristics of deceased mothers, distant fathers, and contacts with animals. Because these books are bildungsromans, they permit a comparative analysis as separate experiments in feminine growth with attention to animal influence. Frankie loses her sense of identity and Esther loses focus about her sense of self, yet from the results suggested by the novels, each of the girls finds strength and support from the creatures around and uses these connections as catalysts for completing developmental stages. Frankie and Esther’s growth toward autonomy leads to a solidification of their respective identities and successful preparation for adulthood

Cost-effectiveness of nebulised ipratropium as adjunctive therapy in acute asthma

Aim: To determine whether the addition of nebulised ipratropium to the therapy of acute asthma leads to a cost-effective reduction in the mean duration of admission and time to maximum peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Method: Patients with an admission diagnosis of acute asthma were studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which they received a standard therapeutic regimen of continuous intravenous aminophylline, 4-hourly fenoterol nebulisation, intravenous methylprednisolone 125mg 12-hourly, and, every four hours, either nebulised saline placebo or ipratropium bromide 500mcg in 3ml saline. Data on age, gender, initial and maximum PEFR, time to maximum PEFR, and duration of hospital stay was collected from the hospital record after discharge. Statistical techniques: 2-way contingency tables for categorical variables, 1-way ANOVA for treatment effects, and life-table analysis of the time till discharge. Results: Records of 279 of the 400 patients entered in the study were suitable for analysis after excluding re-admissions, non-asthmatics and incomplete records. Baseline comparisons of age and severity on presentation showed no significant differences. The trial group did not differ significantly from the control group with respect to either time to PEFR (respectively 21.11 hours (SD 14.3) versus 22.89 (SD 15.82)) or duration of admission (5.02 (SD 3.65) versus 5.38 (SD 3.13) 6-hour units). In a sub-group of patients (n=155) demonstrating more than 100% improvement in PEFR, the time to maximum PEFR was significantly shorter in the ipratropium group (20.35 hours SD 12.4) versus 25.20 hours (SD 17.0); p= 0.045). Conclusion: The addition of ipratropium bromide to a standard treatment regimen for acute asthma reduced the time to achieve maximum PEFR in a sub-group of patients with markedly reversible airflow limitation. Overall, however, the addition did not prove cost-effective